DNA

Welcome to our blog! Biology I students are investigating the DNA molecule, its form and function. Follow our blog to see what's up! Look for photos, projects, our favorite websites, and other great info.........

Tuesday, April 26, 2011

DNA Molecule- Elizabeth Scheen

dna molecule-- jordyn flora



Rebecca Thompson- DNA





(if you can't read it....)



*{FROM THE TOP RIGHT HAND CORNER}



the red is labeled as, phosphate group



the orange is labeled as, the five carbon sugar




the bottom shows a hydrogen bonds and covalent bonds






at the very bottom i labeled each base:



yellow -adenine



red -thymine



green -guanine



grey - cytosine

Kelsey Prince



Kelsey Prince DNA molecule

DNA molecule model by sarah zoeller



Kalee Chism DNA Model







DNA- Hannah Marie Withrow



DNA structure Ashlyn Luckett

Gabrielle Rodgers



DNA Model, Kaitlin Kilcourse






















Sarah B- DNA Molecule



Erin Burke DNA



Chapter 13 Vocabulary


1.     transformation         process in which one strain of bacteria is changed by a gene or genes from another strain of bacteria
2.     bacteriophage           virus that infects bacteria
3.     nucleotide      monomer of nucleic acids made up of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base
4.     base pairing   principle that bonds in DNA can form only between adenine and thymine and between guanine and cytosine
5.     chromatin       granular material visible within the nucleus; consists of DNA tightly coiled around proteins
6.     histone            protein molecule around which DNA is tightly coiled in chromatin
7.     replication      copying process by which a cell duplicates its DNA
8.     DNA polymerase      enzyme involved in DNA replication that joins individual nucleotides to produce a DNA molecule
9.     gene     sequence of DNA that codes for a protein and thus determines a trait
10.      messenger RNA (mRNA)               RNA molecule that carries copies of instructions for the assembly of amino acids into proteins from DNA to the rest of the cell
11.      ribosomal RNA (rRNA)    type of RNA that makes up the major part of ribosome
12.      transfer RNA (tRNA)       type of RNA molecule that transfers amino acids to ribosomes during protein synthesis
13.      transcription          process in which part of the nucleotide sequence of DNA is copied into a complementary sequence in RNA
14.      RNA polymerase   enzyme similar to DNA polymerase that binds to DNA and separates the DNA strands during transcription
15.      promoter     region of DNA that indicates to an enzyme where to bind to make RNA
16.      intron               sequence of DNA that is not involved in coding for a protein
17.      exon  expressed sequence of DNA ; codes for a protein
18.      codon            three-nucleotide sequence on messenger RNA that codes for a single amino acid
19.      translation  decoding of a mRNA message into a polypeptide chain
20.      anticodon    group of three bases on a tRNA molecule that are complementary to an mRNA codon
21.      mutation      change in a DNA sequence that affects genetic information
22.      point mutation      gene mutation involving changes in one or a few nucleotides
23.      frameshift mutation        mutation that shifts the "reading" frame of the genetic message by inserting or deleting a nucleotide
24.      polyploidy   condition in which an organism has extra sets of chromosomes
25.      operon          group of genes operating together
26.      operator       region of chromosome in an operon to which the repressor binds when the operon is "turned off"
27.      differentiation       process in which molecule tend to move from an area where they are more concentrated to an area where they are less concentrated
28.      hox gene      series of genes that controls the differentiation of cells and tissues in an embryo

DNA Model: Rebecca Sauer













Hannah Brown DNA molecule



DNA Project-Karly Walker

Shelby Hatfield DNA



Bernadette Stone DNA model

Katie Thieman DNA



DNA model



Part II DNA Spoolinhg

DNA Spooling Period 2 and 6

DNA Necklace Kit Student Guide
Instructions
1. Using a marker or label provided by your teacher, write your name or initials on your 15-mL tube.
2. Take the 2 mL of sports drink into your mouth (do not swallow) and swish it around for 1 full minute. As
you swish, gently and continuously scrape the insides of your cheeks with your teeth to help release the
cheek cells.
3. After 1 minute of swishing, spit the sports drink with collected cheek cells back into the small plastic cup.
4. Carefully pour the contents of the small plastic cup into your labeled 15-mL tube. Discard the cup.
5. This is an optional step that will not affect the results of the procedure but allows collected chge): cells to
be seen. You may be instructed to perform this step or to skip ahead to step 6.
If time allows, you can watch your collected cheek cells settle out as a pellet in the bottom of your 15-mL
tube. Place your tube upright in a test tube rack or beaker and let it stand undisturbed. After 5-10
minutes, you will begin to see the cells collect in the bottom of the tube. (Most cells will settle before
30 minutes.) Hold the tube up to the light to better see the cells sinking to the bottom of the tube. Some
collected samples will pellet more tightly and quickly than others, and some will have a higher percentage
of cells than others. This variation is a normal outcome of the procedure.
6. Bring your 15-mL tube to the solution station (if your teacher has one set up). Use a graduated pipet to
add 2 mL of cell lysis solution to your collected cheek cells.
7. Cap your 1S-mL tube tightly and invert it five times. This action mixes the cell lysis solution with the
collected cheek cell sample. Allow the tube to stand for 2 minutes.
8. Bring your 1S-mL tube to the solution station. Hold the tube at an angle and, using a plastic pipet,
carefully add cold 70% ethanol by running it down the inside of the tube. Add the ethanol until the total
volume of liquid reaches 12-13 mL (use the lines on the side of the tube to help you measure). You should
have two distinct layers. Do not mix the cheek cell lysate layer with the ethanol layer.
9. Watch closely as wispy strands of translucent DNA begin to clump together where the ethanol layer meets
the cell lysate layer. The DNA will look like a cobweb extending up from the lysed cheek cell layer. Tiny
bubbles in the ethanol layer will appear where the DNA precipitates.
10. Place your 15-mL tube upright in a test tube rack or beaker and let it stand undisturbed for a minimum of
10 minutes. During this time, DNA will continue to precipitate out of solution and extend like a ribbon
through the ethanol layer. DNA yields from different samples will vary, and not all DNA samples will
extend through the entire ethanol layer.
11. Tie the ends of your embroidery thread together with a knot to form a loop. Make sure the loop can fit
over your head, as this will become your necklace.
12. Use your plastic pipet to transfer your precipitated DNA out of the 15-mL tube and into the pendant tube
(see Figure 1). Begin pipetting the DNA from the end of the most extended strand in the ethanol layer. As
you pipet from this point, the DNA will be drawn up together. You should not move your pipet tip down
into the cell lysate layer. If some of the DNA remains attached to the cell lysate layer, draw your pipet up
until the DNA in your pipet detaches from that in the cell lysate layer. You do not need to transfer the
entire precipitated DNA sample into your pendant tube. Before you expel your DNA into the pendant
tube, allow it to sink to the tip of the pipet so that it will enter the pendant tube first. If the DNA does not
sink, release ethanol into the 15-mL tube dropwise until the DNA is in the pipet tip. Expel the DNA into the
pendant tube and fill the remaining space dropwise with ethanol. Do not overfill.
©2010 Carolina Biological Supply Company/Printed in USA. CARIDLInA S-2

Hannah S. DNA



Shelby Hatfield DNA



DNA Structure



Emma Asher

Karli Kindoll DNA Project




McKenzie Eskridge DNA project



Kalee Chism DNA Model








Emily Russell DNA Molecule



Jennaa Beck DNA Molecule



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